DIABETES IN DOGS

Diabetic dogs suffer from an ongoing disorder of the endocrine system, which impairs their ability to manage blood sugar levels. The disorder is caused by either insufficient production of Insulin or ineffective use of Insulin. Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose in the bloodstream to enter cells. This is then converted to energy.

High blood sugar levels and associated problems occur when there is insufficient insulin. Diabetic dogs can be found across all ages and breeds; however, they are most commonly identified as being diagnosed in middle aged and older dogs. When treated properly and monitored regularly, many diabetic dogs will continue to live a happy, healthy and comfortable life.

Causes

When Insulin production or function ceases to work correctly, the condition known as Diabetes develops. Most diabetic dogs have a form of diabetes that resembles Type 1 diabetes in humans, characterized by inadequate insulin production by the pancreas.

There are several factors that raise a dog’s likelihood of experiencing Diabetes. Obesity is probably the most critical factor because excessive weight reduces the body’s ability to regulate glucose. Damage to pancreatic tissue could result from chronic pancreatitis.

Hormonal imbalances such as those resulting from Cushing’s disease could lead to Diabetes. There appears to be possible genetic influences for Diabetes in certain breeds and sexes; for example, female dogs, especially unspayed, are at greater risk than male dogs. The most commonly affected breeds are,

• Miniature Schnauzers
• Poodles
• Dachshunds
• Beagles
• Samoyeds
• Australian Terriers

Symptoms

The symptoms of diabetes typically evolve slowly over time and become more pronounced when the blood sugar level has been excessively high.

• Increased thirst called polydipsia
• Increased urine production called polyuria
• Increased appetite
• Weight loss while eating regular amounts
• Lethargy and reduced activity levels
• Cloudy eyes caused by cataracts forming
• Decreased strength or stamina
• Recurrent urinary tract infections
• Vomiting in extreme cases
• Lack of appetite if complications develop.

Risks

Diabetes, if left untreated, can cause serious and possibly life threatening complications.

Elevated blood sugar causes damage to blood vessels, organs and tissue throughout the body. Blindness due to cataracts is one of the most frequent complications and can cause permanent vision loss. In addition to an increased risk of developing cataracts, the raised glucose levels in the diabetic dog will lower its ability to fight off infections.

Potential Complications

• Blindness from cataracts
• Frequent infections
• Complications associated with the kidneys
• Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a medical emergency. When the body starts to break down fats for energy instead of sugars, it produces an extremely acidic state that is detrimental to the blood chemistry.

Diagnosis

The veterinarian determines diabetes by observing clinical signs, performing blood tests and urine tests. Diagnosis is typically based on persistent hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) along with glucosuria (glucose in the urine) and compatible clinical signs. Most veterinarians combine these three factors with the owner’s observations of excessive thirst and urination to determine a definitive diagnosis.

Additional Testing

A veterinarian may perform additional tests on the patient to examine his general health or discover other issues that may have affected the treatment. Some of these may include:

• Complete Blood Count (CBC)
• Blood Chemistry Profile
• Urinalysis
• Urine Culture if infection is suspected

After the initial diagnosis, all diabetic patients need to continue to see the veterinarian regularly so they can maintain good control over blood sugar levels.

Treatment

For many animals, diabetes is treated for life. However, most dogs react very well when the treatment is begun early and consistently continued.

Insulin Therapy

Most diabetic dogs require insulin injections administered under the skin (subcutaneously), typically in areas such as the scruff of the neck, shoulder region or side of the chest. The insulin type, dose and dosing frequency vary between individual dogs. Many diabetic dogs require insulin injections every 12 hours, but treatment plans should always be determined by a veterinarian.

Dietary Management

Nutritional management is a big part of managing diabetes. Food quality and quantity should be considered. Regular feeding times are also crucial. The food schedule needs to coincide with the insulin injection schedule.

Monitoring

Regular checks by your veterinarian are needed to make sure the treatment is working properly. Glucose curves are done periodically to find out how much insulin should be administered. Pet owners are expected to pay close attention to their pets’ appetite, thirst, energy levels and overall behavior at home.

Prevention

A dog’s risk of developing diabetes can be greatly decreased through healthy living habits, although some cases of diabetes in dogs may not be preventable.

Methods to Decrease Risk

• A dog should remain at an appropriate weight for its size.
• Dogs should receive regular physical activity.
• Food intake must be of good quality and provide a well balanced diet.
• The owner should schedule routine visits with a veterinarian.
• Dog owners should treat any chronic illnesses that exist.

Managing obesity, pancreatitis and hormonal disorders may help reduce the risk of diabetes in some dogs.